What do you think is holding the py

What do you think is holding the pyramids together?

Cement and concrete might be synonymous as household terms, but are by nature different: cement, an ultra-fine gray powder, binds sand and rocks into a mass or matrix of concrete. Indeed, cement is the key ingredient of concrete.
Semantics aside, concrete is the signature material in driveways, patios, basements, and a host of other American household items. It is also the world's most widely used building material. Annual global production of concrete hovers around 5 billion cubic yards, a volume approximated by yearly cement production levels of about 1.25 billion tons.

Concrete's global appeal is not accidental - the ubiquitous, stone-like material is produced from some of the world's most abundant resources, as is cement.

Early History and Development of Portland Cement

Ever since civilizations first started to build, we've sought a material that would bind stones into a solid, formed mass. The Assyrians and Babylonians used clay for this purpose, and the Egyptians advanced to the discovery of lime and gypsum mortar as a binding agent for building such structures as the Pyramids.
The Greeks made further improvements and finally the Romans developed a cement that produced structures of remarkable durability.

Most of the building foundations in the Roman Forum were constructed of a form of concrete, placed in some locations to a depth of 12 feet. The great Roman baths built about 27 B.C., the Coliseum, and the huge Basilica of Constantine are examples of early Roman architecture in which cement mortar was used.

Roman Formula

The secret of Roman success in making cement was traced to the mixing of slaked lime with pozzolana, a volcanic ash from Mount Vesuvius. This process produced a cement capable of hardening under water. During the Middle Ages this art was lost and it was not until the scientific spirit of inquiry revived that we rediscovered the secret of hydraulic cement -- cement that will harden under water.
Repeated structural failure of the Eddystone Lighthouse off the coast of Cornwall, England, led John Smeaton, a British engineer, to conduct experiments with mortars in both fresh and salt water. In 1756, these tests led to the discovery that cement made from limestone containing a considerable proportion of clay would harden under water.

Making use of this discovery, he rebuilt the Eddystone Lighthouse in 1759. It stood for 126 years before replacement was necessary.

Other men experimenting in the field of cement during the period from 1756 to 1830 include L. J. Vicat and Lesage in France and Joseph Parker and James Frost in England.

Before portland cement was discovered and for some years after its discovery, large quantities of natural cement were used. Natural cement was produced by burning a naturally occurring mixture of lime and clay. Because the ingredients of natural cement were mixed by nature, its properties varied as widely as the natural resources from which it was made.

Aspdin Obtains Patent

In 1824, Joseph Aspdin, a bricklayer and mason in Leeds, England, took out a patent on a hydraulic cement that he called portland cement because its color resembled the stone quarried on the Isle of Portland off the British coast. Aspdin's method involved the careful proportioning of limestone and clay, pulverizing them, and burning the mixture into clinker, which was then ground into finished cement.
Portland cement today, as in Aspdin's day, is a predetermined and carefully proportioned chemical combination of calcium, silicon, iron, and aluminum.

Results (English) 2:

What do You Think is The Pyramids Holding Together? Cement and Concrete As Household Might be synonymous terms, but are Different by Nature: Cement, an Ultra-Fine Powder Gray, binds Sand and rocks Into a mass or Matrix of Concrete. Indeed, is The Key ingredient of Cement Concrete. Semantics aside, is The signature material in Concrete driveways, Patios, basements, and a host of American Other Household Items. It is also the world's most widely used building material. Annual Global production of Concrete hovers Around 5 billion Cubic Yards, a volume approximated by yearly Cement production levels of About 1.25 billion tons. Concrete's Global Appeal is Not accidental - The ubiquitous, Stone-like material is produced from some of The World's Most abundant Resources. , As is Cement. Early History and Development of Portland Cement. Started to Build First Ever since Civilizations, We've sought a material that would Bind Stones Into a Solid, formed mass. The Assyrians and Babylonians Used CLAY for this purpose, and The Egyptians advanced to The Discovery of Lime and Gypsum mortar As a binding Agent for Building Such Structures As The Pyramids. The Greeks Made Further Improvements and finally The Romans Developed a Cement that produced Structures of. Remarkable durability. Most of The Building Foundations in The Roman Forum were constructed of a Form of Concrete, Placed in some Locations to a depth of 12 feet. The Great Roman Baths Built About 27 BC, The Coliseum, and The huge Basilica of Constantine are examples of Early Roman Architecture in which Cement mortar was Used. Roman Formula The Secret of Roman Success in Making Cement was traced to The mixing of slaked Lime with. pozzolana, a volcanic ash from Mount Vesuvius. This process produced a cement capable of hardening under water. During The Middle Ages this was Lost and IT Art Not until The Scientific Spirit of inquiry was revived rediscovered that We The Secret of Hydraulic Cement - Cement that Will Harden under Water. Repeated Failure of structural The Eddystone Lighthouse off coast of The Cornwall, England. , led John Smeaton, a British engineer, to conduct experiments with mortars in both fresh and salt water. In one thousand seven hundred fifty-six, these tests Cement Made from LED to The Discovery that LIMESTONE containing a considerable Proportion of CLAY Harden would under Water. Making Use of this Discovery, He rebuilt The Eddystone Lighthouse in 1759. It stood for 126 years Before Replacement was necessary. Other Men Experimenting in The Field of Cement during The period from one thousand seven hundred fifty-six to 1,830th include LJ Vicat and Lesage in France and Joseph Parker and James Frost in England. Before portland Cement was discovered and for some years After ITS Discovery, Large quantities of natural Cement were Used. . Natural cement was produced by burning a naturally occurring mixture of lime and clay. Because The Ingredients of natural Cement were mixed by Nature, ITS Properties varied As widely As The natural Resources from which IT was Made. Aspdin Obtains Patent In one thousand eight hundred twenty-four, Joseph Aspdin, a Bricklayer and mason in Leeds, England, took out a Patent on a. hydraulic cement that he called portland cement because its color resembled the stone quarried on the Isle of Portland off the British coast. Aspdin's method Involved The Careful proportioning of LIMESTONE and CLAY, pulverizing them, and Burning The mixture Into Clinker, which was then Ground Into Finished Cement. Portland Cement today, As in Aspdin's Day, is a predetermined and carefully proportioned Chemical Combination of Calcium, Silicon. , iron, and aluminum.

Results (English) 3:

What do you think is holding the pyramids together?

Cement and concrete might be synonymous as household terms but are,, By nature different: cement an ultra-fine, gray powder binds sand, and rocks into a mass or matrix of concrete, Indeed,. Cement is the key ingredient of concrete.
Semantics aside concrete is, the signature material in driveways patios basements,,,And a host of other American household items. It is also the world 's most widely used building material. Annual global. Production of concrete hovers around 5 billion cubic yards a volume, approximated by yearly cement production levels of. About 1.25 billion tons.

Concrete 's global appeal is not accidental - the, ubiquitousStone-like material is produced from some of the world 's most abundant resources as is, cement.

Early History and Development. Of Portland Cement

Ever since civilizations first started, to build we 've sought a material that would bind stones into. A, solid formed mass. The Assyrians and Babylonians used clay for, this purposeAnd the Egyptians advanced to the discovery of lime and gypsum mortar as a binding agent for building such structures. As the Pyramids.
The Greeks made further improvements and finally the Romans developed a cement that produced structures. Of remarkable durability.

Most of the building foundations in the Roman Forum were constructed of a form, of concretePlaced in some locations to a depth of 12 feet. The great Roman baths built about 27 B.C, the Coliseum and the, huge. Basilica of Constantine are examples of early Roman architecture in which cement mortar was used.



The Roman Formula secret. Of Roman success in making cement was traced to the mixing of slaked lime, with pozzolana a volcanic ash from Mount Vesuvius.This process produced a cement capable of hardening under water. During the Middle Ages this art was lost and it was not. Until the scientific spirit of inquiry revived that we rediscovered the secret of hydraulic cement - cement that will harden. Under water.
Repeated structural failure of the Eddystone Lighthouse off the coast of Cornwall England led Smeaton John,,,, A, British EngineerTo conduct experiments with mortars in both fresh and salt water. In 1756 these tests, led to the discovery that cement. Made from limestone containing a considerable proportion of clay would harden under water.

Making use of, this discovery. He rebuilt the Eddystone Lighthouse in 1759. It stood for 126 years before replacement was necessary.

.Other men experimenting in the field of cement during the period from 1756 to 1830 include L. J. Vicat and Lesage in France. And Joseph Parker and James Frost in England.

Before Portland cement was discovered and for some years after, its discovery. Large quantities of natural cement were used. Natural cement was produced by burning a naturally occurring mixture of lime. And clay.Because the ingredients of natural cement were mixed, by nature its properties varied as widely as the natural resources. From which it was made.



In 1824 Aspdin Obtains Patent, Aspdin a Joseph, bricklayer and Mason in Leeds England,,Took out a patent on a hydraulic cement that he called Portland cement because its color resembled the stone quarried. On the Isle of Portland off the British coast. Aspdin 's method involved the careful proportioning of limestone, and clay. Pulverizing them and burning, the mixture into clinker which was, then ground into finished cement.
Portland, cement today. As in Aspdin ', s DayIs a predetermined and carefully proportioned chemical combination of calcium silicon iron and,,, aluminum.
.