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The proximate analysis of raw biomass and biochar was based<br>on the ASTM standards (moisture content: ASTM E871-82, ash:<br>ASTM D1102-84, volatile matter: ASTM E872-82 and fixed carbon<br>is calculated by difference). The ultimate analysis for C, H, and N<br>contents was carried out using an elemental analyzer (CE Instruments, EA 1108), and the O content was calculated by difference.For the detailed investigation of the weight loss characteristics<br>during pyrolysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was carried out<br>for the raw biomass samples. For about 10 mg of fine powders, a<br>TGA analyzer (Shinco, TGA N-1000) was used to measure the sample weight while being heated at a rate of 20 C/min from a room<br>temperature to 800 C, under a nitrogen flow rate of 30 ml/min.<br>The recorded weight loss history was normalized for the initial<br>weight, and its rate was calculated.<br>For the pH measurement, biochar to deionized water ratios<br>from 1:5 to 1:20 (wt.:wt.) are used in literature (Singh et al.,<br>2010; Yuan et al., 2011; Wu et al., 2012). In this study, 1:10 wt.:wt.<br>ratio was used to form homogeneous suspension, and the pH was<br>determined after 1 h of equilibration using an Orion PH meter<br>(Thermo Scientific).<br>The microscopic surface area of biochar was measured by using<br>the N2-BET method (Micrometrics, Tristar 3020). The surface morphology of biochar was investigated using scanning electron<br>microscopy (SEM, JEOL JSM-7600F). The distribution of pore<br>volumes in biochar was measured using a porosimeter (Micromeritics, AutoPore 4 9250) for the pores in the range of 10 nm–100 lm.
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