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Thus, there may be two broad categories of effects of the SNS on muscle contraction: (1) regulation of the excitation phase of ECC through the modulation of the AP, most likely by controlling the effective concentration of ACh at the NMJ. This has been discussed earlier. (2) Modulation of [Ca 2+]. There is good evidence that the SNS modulates [Ca 2+]c. The force of contraction can be enhanced in the skeletal muscle by beta-adrenergic agonists. Ca2+ levels are modulated through beta-adrenergic effects on second messenger systems. One such pathway is mediated through cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP).
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